Philip Cioffari on The Evolution of Character

Philip Cioffari, author of If Anyone Asks, Say I Died from the Heartbreaking Blues, writes of character and the way life and writing fuse to build a story.


The main character, Joey “Hunt” Hunter, in my coming-of-age novel, If Anyone Asks, Say I Died from the Heartbreaking Blues (Livingston Press, 2020), came into being over a period of many years. My earliest stories featured young boys in the 10-15 year-old range. These too, for the most part, were coming-of-age stories, usually involving a boy’s being thrust into a confrontation—sometimes at his own instigation and sometimes by the external forces of fate—with some aspect of the adult world. The emotional crux of these stories was the collision of innocence, naïveté, and curiosity with the harsher elements of human existence. By and large, these confrontations had negative consequences.

But I think these boys—in their openness to life, their unarticulated early hopes and desires—served as the basis for Hunt’s character. Though they suffered for their experiences, they came through them—if not unscathed, at least not destroyed. In short, they were survivors.

 It has always been a curiosity to me why these early stories were as dark as they were. After all, my own childhood was what I would consider relatively normal. It did, however, contain some familiar obstacles—after-school bullying, feelings of self-doubt and inadequacy, perhaps a greater than normal sense of isolation from my peers—and maybe those things were at the heart of the darkness that I wasn’t conscious of, that is, until I started writing.

 When the character of Hunt began making itself known to me, though, it came from a different consciousness. I wanted to take a lighter, more humorous look at the teenage experience. And I knew early on that Hunt would take me there. He possessed some of the same characteristics as my other youthful characters, in that he was basically good-hearted with a deeply-felt sense of compassion; he was full of hope and energy and curiosity and determination. What was different this time around was my attitude toward the experiences he struggles to find his way through.  

Although he must deal with the loss of his younger brother, a loss that at the beginning of the novel he is not yet able to accept, his other struggles—with a girlfriend who dumps him, with his self-doubt and sense of inadequacy—I saw this time around in comic terms. It was as if my perspective had grown large enough to accommodate a more layered view of youthful pain. Yes, childhood had its dark side; but it also, if you took a step back, was pretty amusing too. And that, of course, is closer to the true nature of reality—its complexity and contradictions—than my original, unilateral view of it.

I guess I have age to thank for that, and because I’m a slow learner—slow developer might be a more accurate term—I’m more than a little embarrassed to acknowledge it took me so long to get to this point.

Nonetheless, I think I’ve arrived and as a consequence, the scenes involving Hunt’s awkwardness with girls and those involving his combative relationship to the neighborhood toughs, and even his battles with himself—his self-doubt—I tried to make as comic as they are heartbreaking.         


EXCERPT
If Anyone Asks Say I Died from the Heartbreaking Blues

The Bronx. June 22nd, 1960

Joey Hunter, known in the neighborhood as Hunt, turned eighteen the day of his senior prom, the most hopeful day of his young life—or so he believed—because it would be his first date with Debby Ann Murphy.

That morning he waited in his Religion in Society class as Brother Aloysius James, blond hair ascending in waves from his soft pink forehead, clapped his hands to call them to attention. Forty boys, paired into reluctant couples, glared at Brother from either end of the St. Helena’s Boys’ Division basketball court, their faces in the gym’s unflattering light a mix of curiosity, amusement, resentment and outrage.

“Why we gotta do this?” from Kevin Flanagan, his face dominated by little red volcanoes.

“Why can’t we use real girls?” This time the question came from Hunt’s assigned partner, Sal Buccarelli, first string varsity linebacker, known on the gridiron as Sal the Butcher and, in the after-school hours, as leader of a local gang of would-be toughs called the Brandos.

Brother Aloysius turned to face Sal of the massive shoulders. “We want you to be ready for them, that’s why. Tonight at the prom we want you all to behave like the gentlemen we know you can be.” And not the hairy apes you so often are, his muttered aside so soft only Hunt caught it.

Brother flicked the switch on the turntable, set the needle delicately on the vinyl: the trombone sound of Moonlight Serenade filled the gym’s barren spaces. Never mind that the big band era had passed, that the boys before him were now dancing to Bill Haley and the Comets, this—Brother believed—was music with elegance and grace. He saw it as his duty to bring civilization to their imprisoned, barbarian hearts. “I need a volunteer,” he called out sharply.

Instinctively he turned to Hunt.

“Oh no, Brother.  I’m always the girl. Sal never lets me be the guy.”

With relief, Hunt watched Brother re-direct his attention to Sal. Something about the over-sized, lumbering linebacker and self-proclaimed gang leader—with a face the texture of stucco and eyes the color of an overcast sky—being led around the gym in the feminine role seemed to tickle Brother’s fancy. “Sallie,” he said, using the nickname Sal detested.

“Nah, Brudda. Not me. Not me.”

But Brother Aloysius marched to him, bowed briefly and said in a loud clear voice, “May I have the honor of this dance?”  He cupped his hand firmly around Sal’s waist. “Hand on her hip,” he instructed the class, “not where you’d like it to be, ha-ha. Your touch should be firm but gentle. Take her right hand, extend your arm and lead her, glide her, into the music. At the prom tonight, apply the moral standards we’ve discussed in class. Treat her with respect. Treat her like she was your sister.”    

A collective groan rose around him.

Brother Aloysius, one eye on the less-than-graceful technique of the boys dancing under the back boards and along the foul lines, confided to Hunt later that waltzing with Sal Buccarelli was like pulling a two-ton truck though a muddy ditch. Hunt could empathize. Being shoved around the dance floor by Sal was like being rammed by a two-ton truck. Mid-song, Brother  guided Sal back to Hunt, muttering before he turned away because he couldn’t help himself, “You big oaf.”

Sal directed his response to Hunt, as if he were the source of the insult. “I ain’t no loaf.”

“Oaf,” Hunt corrected him. “He called you a big oaf.”

And for that clarification, Hunt was rewarded with a bloody nose, compliments of Sal during lunch break, as soon as they were out of sight of Brother Aloysius who had cafeteria duty that day.

 More bad luck soon followed.


PHILIP CIOFFARI grew up in the Bronx. He is the author of the novels: CATHOLIC BOYS; DARK ROAD, DEAD END; JESUSVILLE; THE BRONX KILL; and the story collection, A HISTORY OF THINGS LOST OR BROKEN, which won the Tartt First Fiction Prize, and the D.H. Lawrence Award. His stories have appeared widely in anthologies, literary journals and commercial magazines. He wrote and directed the independent feature film, LOVE IN THE AGE OF DION, which won a number of film festival awards, including Best Picture at the Long Island International Film Expo, and Best Director at the NY Film & Video Festival. He is professor of English at William Paterson University in New Jersey. Visit his website for more information on his publications and his events.

Lessons from Retreat: Character Development

notecardsWhen I started writing my current novel (every writer has at least one hidden away in a drawer, right?), I insisted on pre-writing and planning: outlines and character worksheets and even a concept map.

I did all of those things. But, when I sent off the first 20 pages of my manuscript to be critiqued at the Salt Cay Writers Retreat, I knew my work was lacking and fell flat in places. I just didn’t know exactly how or what I might do to set it right.

Every morning in Salt Cay, a handful of other writers and I gathered at a picnic table and–under the guidance of Chuck Adams–workshopped the pages of someone’s manuscript. When I learned my pages were up for a turn in the spotlight, I first broke out into a sweat. Then I mustered a meek, Looking forward to it (thumbs up), and wondered how I might get hold of a Bahama Mama before this whole thing got started.

I had no reason to be anxious; the critique sessions were all about encouragement and moving the story forward, not about pointing out where the story failed. But in the process of critique, weak areas become clear. On my manuscript, we talked about character, specifically the antagonist in my story, Victor Manning.

Here’s where I remind you (and myself) that writers should never take themselves too seriously. Otherwise, we lose perspective and learn nothing in the process. And, we miss out on a good time.

That’s right, Critique and Good Times can go together.

First, my colleagues at the table circled around Victor’s dialogue in a gentle sort of way. But eventually, they said my villain was too villain-esque, too sinister, to the point of resembling someone like this:

photo-2
“Boo, my pretty!”

Okay, the bow tie is deceiving, but the twirling of the mustache fit the profile. Their feedback was funny and spot-on and exactly what I needed to hear. Victor was a little too bad and completely unrelatable.

In taking a closer look at him, I also tuned into a few other overlooked (and crucial) characters’ details. I hadn’t yet figured out the name of the protagonist’s mother, first or last. While her mother doesn’t play a leading role in the story, family history does, especially names.

I had a lot of work to do, not in going all the way back to the beginning but in working on aspects of the story I wished I’d fine-tuned earlier.

There are two reasons why I struggle with character development, especially when it comes to longer projects like a novel.

1. I can be L.A.Z.Y.

I’m a born pantster when it comes to writing. That might work well when cranking out a 1500 word short story, but not a novel. In plotting and planning out the basics–I had a protagonist in mind and the skeleton of an antagonist–I figured I was good to go. I had pages to fill, after all, and a word count to meet. And laundry and dishes and lunches to make and…who has time to dig so deep into characters, major or minor? I wanted to believe that they would all flesh themselves out more fully as the story unfolded.

Even when I met with Michelle Brower for my one-on-one at the retreat and she pointed out the same issues, suggesting I sketch out my characters more, I said, “Each one?” As much work as I knew I had left to do, I was still hoping for a shortcut all around.

Lazy might not be as fitting for me as Stubborn.

2. I lack the right tool.

Stubborn isn’t all bad when I use it on the flip side. I had already bookmarked links to character worksheets and filtered through old photographs online for a face that resembled the person I aimed to grow. While physical description helped, it didn’t probe deep enough. What I needed was a way to uncover the history of these characters, so that I might discover their goals, their secrets, the good side to the antagonist, for example, as well as the bad. What I needed were more options.

I listened to the writers at critique and to Michelle, and then I asked around some more, learning about Character Interviews. Not structured interviews, but organic Q&A’s that might begin with a predictable, “In what year were you born” but lead to a more personal, “What would your father say of you now?” Questions that evolve from “listening” to the character tell his or her story.

Later, when I interviewed Victor on paper, that cartoon villain not only lost his mustache but he became flesh and bones, soul and spirit, and introduced new twists and layers to the story as a whole.

The Lessons

  1. Writing on the sidelines is as important as working on the first drafts when it comes to characters. I remind myself of that daily, because I’m still itching to get back to the real draft, even if my characters aren’t yet ready.
  2. If a certain kind of exercise or technique doesn’t give you what you need, keeping searching for one that does. Nothing is wasted in writing, even if those words never make it to a final printing.

Nothing is wasted.

(Yes. I said that twice).

How do you grow your characters?

Plan the Story, Meet Your Characters.

I used to believe that my best writing happened while under pressure and without a plan. Pick a prompt, jump on a first line, go.That strategy still works for small projects, but when I approach a longer, more complex story – like a novel – I find some planning helps.

During the last several months, before I kicked off with the first paragraph of a novel I wanted to write, I tampered with outlines and notecards and concept maps, trying to wrap my head around the heart of a story (this particular novel requires research and a definite sense of direction). I also spent time with my characters.

In the past, I would begin a story with a fuzzy vision of a main character, his or her name, a hint at what they wanted. But this time around, I dug deeper. I gathered a pool of resources for character development and probed into the lives of a few people the novel would spotlight.

If you peruse Twitter or Facebook or your favorite author’s blog, you’ll find plenty of character worksheets. The questions on the worksheets vary, but they all read like an application. I’ll print off these sheets from time to time, especially when they come from an author whose work I appreciate, but no one sheet or exercise works well for me. Maybe they’re too rigid for this panster at heart. So, instead of relying on one specific form of character development, I pulled ideas from a few different places and gave myself a variety of prompts from which to draw.

1. The Character Sketch

From the presses of Writer’s Digest comes a great publication, Write Your Novel in 30 Days, complete with worksheets like the ones mentioned above. This simple form (one of many within the workbook) guides you through the basics, like name and birth date and physical descriptions. It also prompts you to consider character role and internal or external conflicts.

2. Characterization Exercises

Cathy Day (author of The Comeback Season and the blog, The Big Thing) spoke on a panel at the AWP Conference in Chicago this year. I couldn’t make it into the conference (though I got close), but I did find access to a document, compiled by Day and her group of panelists, on the best practices for teaching a novel workshop. I’d love to take one of these classes, but since I can’t, I’m especially grateful for the few writing exercises listed within:

  • Describe each of your primary characters in the novel…their psychology: likes/dislikes, hopes and fears, odd predilections, good and bad habits…friends and nemeses.”
  • Let’s hear them. Write representative speeches…for each of the primary characters.”

3. Character Visualization

From the files of Glimmer Train, Yelizaveta P. Renfro’s article about “Creating the Fictional Family” focuses on several directions writers can take, questions to ask or exercises in visualization:

  • Visit your characters at home. Family often have specific places that are important to them…. Spend some time mentally visiting the places that are important to your characters, and write down everything you can.”
  • Picture your characters. Having a physcial picture of your characters can help you get to know them. Find a photo or a painting of your fictional family. . . . Once you have your picture, put it at your side and write everything you observe in the image.”

Renfro suggests stopping into an antique store for pictures of real people. I’m suggesting another idea: the Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog, where you can search for and find thousands of images. Little treasures, like this one:

Photos that make you want to tell a story.

Do you plan? And, how do you get to know your characters?

* photo credit: Alvimann @ morgueFile.com